Investigation of defect properties in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells by deep-level transient spectroscopy

The performance of the chalcopyrite material Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) used as an absorber layer in thin-film photovoltaic devices is significantly affected by the presence of native defects. The deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) technique is used in this work to characterize the defect properties, yielding relevant information about the defect types, their capture cross-sections, and energy levels and densities in the CIGS cells. Three solar cells developed using different absorber growth technologies were analyzed using DLTS, capacitance–voltage (C–V ), and capacitance–temperature (C–T ) techniques. It was found that CIS cells grown at the University of Florida exhibits a middle-gap defect level that may relate to the cell’s low fill factor and open-circuit voltage values observed. A high efficiency (gc > 18%) CIGS cell produced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was found to contain three minority-carrier (electron) traps and a 13% CIGS cell produced by the Energy Photovoltaics Inc. (EPV) exhibited one majority (hole) trap. The approach followed using the DLTS technique serves as a paradigm for revealing the presence of significant defect levels in absorber materials, and may be used to support the identification of remedial processing operations. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.